Running head: Connecting nested spaces Connecting Spatial Memories of Two Nested Spaces

Four experiments investigated the manner in which people use spatial reference directions to organize spatial memories of two conceptually nested layouts. Participants learned directions of 8 remote cities centered to Beijing or Edmonton, where the experiments occurred, using a map or using direct pointing. The map and the environment were aligned, and participants faced north (0°). Participants also learned locations of 7 objects on a table. Participants faced north (0°) during learning but were instructed to learn the layout along the northwest-southeast (45°-225°) axis. Judgments of relative direction (imagine you are standing at X, facing Y, point to Z) were used to determine spatial reference directions in retrieval of bearings between two objects or two cities. The results showed that when the tested bearing and the imagined heading were within an array, participants used 0° as the reference direction in retrieving bearings between cities but used 45°-225° to retrieve bearings between objects. When the tested bearing and the imagined heading were across two arrays, participants used the reference direction of the array from which the tested bearing was. These results indicated that bearings between items within an array were represented only with respect to the reference directions of this array and the relationship between spatial reference directions in these two arrays was also represented.